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Quintillus

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Quintillus
Golden coin depicting man with diadem facing right
Aureus depicting Quintillus. Inscription reads IMP C M AVR QVINTILLVS AVG
Roman emperor
Reign270 CE (17–77 days)
PredecessorClaudius Gothicus
SuccessorAurelian
BornSirmium, Pannonia Inferior (Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia)
Died270 CE
Aquileia, Italy
Issue2 sons
Names
Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus
Regnal name
Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus Augustus[1]

Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus (died 270) was a short-lived Roman emperor. He took power after the death of his brother, Emperor Claudius Gothicus, in 270 CE. After reigning for a few weeks Quintillus was overthrown by Aurelian, who had been proclaimed rival emperor by the legions he commanded. The ancient sources variously report him to have killed himself, to have fallen in battle against Aurelian, or to have been murdered by his own soldiers.

Early life

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Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus' exact birthplace is unknown. An Illyrian, he was likely born in Pannonia Inferior, as is indicated by his coinage.[2] Originating from a low-born family, Quintillus came to prominence with the accession of his brother Claudius Gothicus to the imperial throne in 268 CE. Quintillus was possibly made Procurator of Sardinia during his brother's reign.

Reign of Quintillus

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Quintillus was declared emperor after Claudius died in 270 CE. Eutropius reports Quintillus to have been elected by soldiers of the Roman army immediately following the death of his brother;[3] the choice was reportedly approved by the Roman Senate. Joannes Zonaras reports him elected by the Senate itself.[4] Records, however, agree that the legions which had followed Claudius in campaigning along the Danube were either unaware or disapproving of Quintillus' elevation. They instead elevated their current leader Aurelian as emperor.[5]

The few records of Quintillus' reign are contradictory. It is variously reported to have lasted 17 days (Jerome, Eutropius and Zonaras), 77 days (Filocalus), or "a few months" (Zosimus). Modern scholars believe "17" to be a misreading of a larger number, since Quintillus had time to produce an abundance of coins.[5][6] Records also disagree on the cause of his death. The Historia Augusta reports him murdered by his own soldiers in reaction to his strict military discipline.[7] Jerome says that he was slain at Aquileia, without further specifics.[8] According to Joannes Zonaras, Quintillus opened his veins and bled himself to death;[4] John of Antioch concurs, adding that the suicide was assisted by a physician.[5] Claudius Salmasius noted that Dexippus recorded the death without stating causes.[9] All records, however, agree in placing the death at Aquileia. Quintillus was reportedly survived by his two sons.[10]

The Historia Augusta reports Claudius and Quintillus having another brother named Crispus and through him a niece, Claudia, who reportedly married Eutropius and was mother to Constantius Chlorus.[11] Some historians however suspect this account to be a genealogical fabrication to flatter Constantine I.[5]

Legacy

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Ruins of Imperial Palace at Sirmium, today in Sremska Mitrovica

His reign was very short and he never managed to visit Rome as emperor. Surviving Roman records considered Quintillus a moderate and capable emperor.[3] He was seen as a champion of the Senate and thus compared to previous emperors Galba and Pertinax. All three were highly regarded by senatorial sources despite their failure to survive a full year of reign.[5] In his reign the priestly offices held by the emperor were separated and the image of the emperor as pontifex maximus was abandoned.[12]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Cooley, Alison E. (2012). The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy. Cambridge University Press. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-521-84026-2.
  2. ^ Manders 2012, p. 258.
  3. ^ a b Eutropius, IX:12.
  4. ^ a b Zonaras, 12:26.
  5. ^ a b c d e Banchich 1999.
  6. ^ Syvänne, Ilkka (2020). Aurelian and Probus. Pen and Sword. p. 65. ISBN 9781526767530.
  7. ^ Historia Augusta, 12:5.
  8. ^ Jerome, s.a. 271.
  9. ^ Historia Augusta, 12:6.
  10. ^ Historia Augusta, 13:9.
  11. ^ Historia Augusta, 13:1.
  12. ^ Manders 2012, p. 145.

Sources

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Ancient sources

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Secondary sources

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Regnal titles
Preceded by Roman emperor
270
Succeeded by