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Sam Cooke

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For other people named Sam Cooke, see Sam Cooke (disambiguation).

Sam Cooke
Cooke in 1963
Cooke in 1963
Background information
Birth nameSamuel Cook
Born(1931-01-22)January 22, 1931[1][2]
Clarksdale, Mississippi, U.S.
OriginChicago, Illinois, U.S.
DiedDecember 11, 1964(1964-12-11) (aged 33)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.[3]
Genres
Occupations
  • Singer
  • songwriter
Years active1951–1964[4]
Labels

Samuel Cooke[5] (January 22, 1931[6]  – December 11, 1964)[5] was an American singer and songwriter. Considered one of the most influential soul artists of all time, Cooke is commonly referred to as the "King of Soul" for his distinctive vocals, pioneering contributions to the genre, and significance in popular music.[7] During his eight-year career, Cooke released 29 singles that charted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart, as well as 20 singles in the Top Ten of Billboard's Black Singles chart.

In 1964, Cooke was shot and killed by Bertha Franklin, a motel owner in Los Angeles with a prior criminal record. Franklin was later convicted in 1979 when she was found guilty of second-degree murder following another similar shooting.[8] The courts at the time of Cooke's death ruled in favor of Franklin, stating that his death was a justifiable homicide.[9] Cooke's family and many fans worldwide have since questioned the circumstances surrounding his death and the lack of a proper investigation. Forensic pathologist Dr. Cyril H. Wecht argued in 2017 that his death was not a justifiable homicide.[10]

Cooke was ranked No. 3 in Rolling Stone's 2023 list of the "200 Greatest Singers of All Time" and No. 28 on Billboard's 2015 list of the "35 Greatest R&B Artists of All Time".[11][12][13]

Early life

[edit]

Sam Cooke was born Samuel Cook in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1931 (he added the "e" to his last name in 1957 to signify a new start to his life).[14][15] He was the fifth of eight children of Rev. Charles Cook, a Baptist minister in the Church of Christ (Holiness), and the former Annie Mae Carroll. One of his younger brothers, L.C. (1932–2017),[16][17] later became a member of the doo-wop band Johnny Keyes and the Magnificents.[18] Cooke was raised Baptist.[19]

Cooke's family moved to Chicago in 1933.[20] There, he attended Doolittle Elementary and Wendell Phillips Academy High School,[21] the same school that Nat King Cole had attended a few years earlier. Cooke sang in the choir of his father's church and began his career with his siblings in a group called the Singing Children when he was six years old.[22] Cooke first became known as lead singer with the Highway Q.C.'s when he was a teenager, having joined the group at the age of 14.[23] During this time, Cooke befriended fellow gospel singer and neighbor Lou Rawls, who sang in a rival gospel group.[24]

Career

[edit]

The Soul Stirrers

[edit]
Main article: The Soul Stirrers

In 1950, Cooke replaced gospel tenor R. H. Harris as lead singer of his gospel group The Soul Stirrers, who had signed with Specialty Records on behalf of the group.[25] Their first recording under Cooke's leadership was the song "Jesus Gave Me Water" in 1950. They also recorded the gospel songs "Peace in the Valley", "How Far Am I from Canaan?", "Jesus Paid the Debt" and "One More River", among many others, some of which he wrote.[4] Cooke was often credited for bringing gospel music to the attention of a younger crowd of listeners, mainly girls who would rush to the stage when the Soul Stirrers hit the stage just to get a glimpse of him.[26]

Crossover pop success

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Cooke had 30 U.S. top 40 hits between 1957 and 1964, plus three more posthumously. Major hits like "You Send Me", "A Change Is Gonna Come", "Cupid", "Chain Gang", "Wonderful World", "Another Saturday Night", and "Twistin' the Night Away" are some of his most popular songs. Twistin' the Night Away was one of Cooke's biggest selling albums.[27] He was also among the first modern Black performers and composers to attend to the business side of his musical career. Cooke founded both a record label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer. Cooke also took an active part in the civil rights movement.[28]

Cooke in Billboard, 1965, released posthumously

Sam Cooke's first pop/soul single was "Lovable" (1956), a remake of the gospel song "Wonderful". It was released under the alias "Dale Cook"[29] in order not to alienate his gospel fan base; there was a considerable stigma against gospel singers performing secular music. However, it fooled no one[9] — his unique and distinctive vocals were easily recognized. Art Rupe, head of Specialty Records, the label of the Soul Stirrers, gave his blessing for Cooke to record secular music under his real name, but he was unhappy about the type of music Cooke and producer Bumps Blackwell were making. Rupe expected Cooke's secular music to be similar to that of another Specialty Records artist, Little Richard. When Rupe walked in on a recording session and heard Cooke singing Gershwin, he was quite upset. After an argument between Rupe and Blackwell, Cooke and Blackwell left the label.[30]

"Lovable" was neither a hit nor a flop, but it indicated Cooke's future potential. While gospel was popular, Cooke saw that its fans were mostly limited to low-income, rural parts of the country, and he sought to branch out. Cooke later admitted that he got an endorsement for a career in pop music from the least likely man, his pastor father. Cooke stated: "My father told me it was not what I sang that was important, but that God gave me a voice and musical talent and the true use of His gift was to share it and make people happy." Taking the name "Sam Cooke", he sought a fresh start in pop.[citation needed]

In 1957, Sam Cooke appeared on ABC's The Guy Mitchell Show. That same year, he signed with Keen Records. Cooke's first hit, "You Send Me", released as the B-side of "Summertime",[29][31] spent six weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard R&B chart.[32] The song also had mainstream success, spending three weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard pop chart.[33] It elevated him from earning $200 a week to over $5,000 a week (equivalent to $54,000 in 2023).[34][35]

In 1958, Cooke performed for the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin held at the Shrine Auditorium on August 3. The other headliners were Little Willie John, Ray Charles, Ernie Freeman, and Bo Rhambo. Sammy Davis Jr. was there to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest. The event featured the top four prominent disc jockeys of Los Angeles.[14]

Billboard advertisement, May 29, 1961

Cooke signed with the RCA Victor record label in January 1960, having been offered an advance of $100,000 (equivalent to $1 million in 2023)[35] by the label's producers Hugo & Luigi.[36][37] One of his first RCA Victor singles was "Chain Gang", which reached No. 2 on the Billboard pop chart.[38] It was followed by more hits, including "Sad Mood",[39] "Cupid",[40] "Bring It On Home to Me" (with Lou Rawls on backing vocals),[41] "Another Saturday Night",[42] and "Twistin' the Night Away".[43]

In 1961, Cooke started his own record label, SAR Records, with J. W. Alexander and his manager, Roy Crain.[44] The label soon included the Simms Twins, the Valentinos (who were Bobby Womack and his brothers), Mel Carter and Johnnie Taylor. Cooke then created a publishing imprint and management firm named Kags.[45]

Like most R&B artists of his time, Cooke focused on singles; in all, he had 29 top 40 hits on the pop charts and more on the R&B charts. Cooke was a prolific songwriter and wrote most of the songs he recorded. Cooke also had a hand in overseeing some of the song arrangements. In spite of releasing mostly singles, he released a well-received blues-inflected LP in 1963, Night Beat, and his most critically acclaimed studio album, Ain't That Good News, which featured five singles, in 1964.[46]

In 1963, Cooke signed a five-year contract for Allen Klein to manage Kags Music and SAR Records, and made him his manager. Klein negotiated a five-year deal (three years plus two option years) with RCA Victor in which a holding company, Tracey, Ltd, named after Cooke's daughter, owned by Klein and managed by J. W. Alexander, would produce and own Cooke's recordings. RCA Victor would get exclusive distribution rights in exchange for six percent royalty payments and payments for the recording sessions. For tax reasons, Cooke would receive preferred stock in Tracey instead of an initial cash advance of $100,000. He would receive cash advances of $100,000 for the next two years, followed by an additional $75,000 for each of the two option years if the deal went to term.[47]

Vocal ability

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Cooke is widely considered one of the greatest singers and most accomplished vocalists of all time. His incredibly pure tenor voice was big, velvety and expansive, with an instantly recognizable tone. Cooke's pitch was remarkable, and his manner of singing was effortlessly soulful. Cooke could go as high as high C without losing purity or volume, and his upper mid-range was coated in a unique rasp. Cooke's vocal style was very adaptable, adopting a rather classical sound on jazz and pop songs while maintaining his trademark stylistic soulful hold on R&B, gospel and soul music.

Cooke's delivery encompassed a wide range of emotions including playful expressiveness to interact with listeners, mellow somberness as a form of reflection, and (in "A Change Is Gonna Come") profound soulfulness. When performing live, he would often play with notes and scales and experiment with melodies and his enunciation, while improvising entire songs. Cooke also began to perform highly charged versions of his songs later in his career.

Cooke's vocal exploits would go on to influence many acts like Otis Redding, James Brown, Rod Stewart, Johnny Nash, Tina Turner, Wilson Pickett, Mick Jagger, Al Green, Paul McCartney, Diana Ross, Marvin Gaye, Steve Perry, and Stevie Wonder among many others.

Personal life

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Cooke was married twice.[48] His first marriage was to singer-dancer Dolores Elizabeth Milligan Cooke, who took the stage name "Dee Dee Mohawk" in 1953; they divorced in 1958.[49][50] She was killed in an auto collision in Fresno, California, in 1959.[51] Although Cooke and Dolores were divorced,[52] he paid for his ex-wife's funeral expenses.[49][48][14]

In 1958, Cooke married his second wife, Barbara Campbell (1935–2021), in Chicago.[49][53] His father performed the ceremony.[49] They had three children: Linda (b. 1953),[54] Tracy (b. 1960), and Vincent (1961–1963), who drowned in the family swimming pool.[48][55][49] Cooke also fathered at least three other children out of wedlock.[56] In 1958, a woman in Philadelphia, Connie Bolling,[14] claimed Cooke was the father of her son. Cooke paid her an estimated $5,000 settlement out of court.[49]

In November 1958, Cooke was involved in a car accident en route from St. Louis to Greenville, Mississippi. His chauffeur Edward Cunningham was killed, while Cooke, guitarist Cliff White, and singer Lou Rawls were hospitalized.[49]

Cooke was a central part of the civil rights movement, using his influence and popularity with the White and Black populations to fight for the cause. Cooke was friends with boxer Muhammad Ali, activist Malcolm X and football player Jim Brown, who together campaigned for racial equality.[57]

Death

[edit]
"Lady, you shot me" redirects here. For the Har Mar Superstar song, see Bye Bye 17.

Cooke was shot and killed on December 11, 1964, at the Hacienda Motel at 91st and South Figueroa streets in South Central Los Angeles. Answering separate reports of a shooting and a kidnapping at the motel, police found Cooke's body. He had sustained a gunshot wound to the chest, which was later determined to have pierced his heart.[58]

The motel's manager, Bertha Franklin, said she shot Cooke in self-defense. Franklin, though shorter than Cooke, outweighed him by about 30 pounds. She told the police, 'He fell on top of me … I tried to bite him through that jacket: biting, scratching and everything. Finally, I got up, when I kicked him … I run and grabbed the pistol off the TV, and I shot … at close range … three times.' Two of the bullets missed. But the third entered his left side, passed through his left lung, his heart and his right lung. Cooke fell back and in astonishment, said what would be his last words: 'Lady, you shot me.' Franklin claims that he got up again and ran at her. She hit him over the head with a broom handle. This time, he stayed down. When the police arrived, Sam Cooke was dead."[1]

The LAPD marked Cooke's death a justifiable homicide. Friends and family of Cooke disputed this and the police investigation into the events of the murder have been heavily criticized for various reasons. In more modern times critics have raised several concerns based on several elements that do not line up. Cooke had been shot with a .22 pistol, but the gun registered to Franklin was a .32. The bullet that passed through his body was taken into police evidence and then quickly went missing.[13] However, Franklin and the motel's owner, Evelyn Carr, had been on the telephone together at the time of the incident. "Thus, Carr claimed to have overheard Cooke's intrusion and the ensuing conflict and gunshots. Carr called the police to request that they go to the motel, informing them that she believed a shooting had occurred." [2]

Cooke's autopsy revealed a 2-inch bump on his head and a blood alcohol level of 0.16, twice the legal limit to drive.[3] Franklin claimed that after she shot him, she dropped the gun and beat him with a wooden broom handle. Criticism has been raised that the gun still contained numerous bullets. Franklin's actions has been further scrutinized, critics have highlighted the illogical aspects of her reasoning, saying that if she had been truly frightened for her life, why would she have dropped the loaded gun she had just fired in favor of a stick? The woman appeared to have no marks or injuries when she testified before cameras five days after the murder occurred. This is surprising given the fight she described. Guests at the motel told police that they never heard any gunshots or sounds of an altercation.

The singer spent his last night alive enjoying dinner at Martoni's, a chic L.A. eatery and watering hole for Hollywood's musical elite. Cooke was joined by Al Schmitt, his close friend and longtime producer, and Schmitt's wife. Martinis flowed and Cooke wandered to the bar, where he chatted with industry friends and merrily waved around a wad of $5,000 cash — his take from a recent set of concert dates. Schmitt last saw him getting cozy with a woman he didn't recognize. She was 22-year-old Elisa Boyer.

Cooke and Schmitt made plans to meet up at a nightclub called PJ's later that night. "But Sam never showed up," Schmitt, 90, tells PEOPLE. "So I went home. I was told later he got there about 15 minutes later, just before closing time, and they wouldn't let him in. He was with this girl."

Cooke drove Boyer 15 miles south to the Hacienda Motel, where they checked in just after 2:35 a.m., signing the register as man and wife. The real Mrs. Cooke, Barbara Campbell — mother to his two children, Linda and Tracey — was elsewhere, no doubt familiar with his nocturnal excursions.

"I knew he was going to rape me," Boyer told the police. According to her story, Cooke had disrobed and entered the bathroom, at which point she grabbed her clothes from a pile on the floor. In her confusion, Boyer says, she also picked up Cooke's clothes, which happened to contain his wallet and cash which she only picked up by mistake according to her. She ran down the street to a nearby phone booth and called the police, telling the dispatcher that she had been kidnapped by Sam Cooke.[13]

Speaking in the 2017 documentary Lady You Shot Me, forensic pathologist Dr. Cyril H. Wecht argued that Cooke's death was not justifiable homicide because Cooke, wearing a sport coat and nothing else, "had no weapon and Franklin was not in fear of her life."

Cook's friends and family refused to accept the official story. They believe that his death was a result of setup, claiming that Boyer was a prostitute working in cahoots with the motel manager to rob Cooke. The Hacienda Motel was a well-known hub for pimps and sex workers. Boyer, according to the theory, lured him there.

Critics of the Franklin account have also pointed out that Sam Cooke was not known to frequent places like the Hacienda motel and that it does not make any sense why he had gone there if not lured. This argumentation goes on to question why Cooke would travel so far out of his way, passing plenty of other accommodations more befitting his superstar stature just to visit a small motel with a bad reputation.[10]

The 2019 Netflix documentary ReMastered: The Two Killings of Sam Cooke tells the story of night Sam Cooke was shot and points out that the murder is yet to be fully and thoroughly investigated. It explores the mystery behind the murder through interviews with family, friends, journalists and academics as well as archival footage.[59]

Crime scene photos appear to show abrasions on Cooke's body. Singer Etta James, who viewed Cooke's body at his funeral, wrote in her memoir that Cooke's head was "practically disconnected from his shoulders. That's how badly he'd been beaten. His hands were broken and crushed…They tried to cover it up with makeup, but I could see massive bruises on his head. No woman with a broomstick could have inflicted that kind of beating against a strong, full-grown man." .[60]

None of the injuries James reported seeing were mentioned in Cooke's autopsy report.[10]

The discrepancies have led many to wonder if Cooke was killed elsewhere, by a third party, before his body was dumped at the Hacienda Motel. Rumors have swirled about the circumstances regarding Cooke's death.

Some blamed his business manager, Allen Klein, a notoriously ruthless music industry shark, claiming that he wanted to wrest control of Cooke's millions. Klein owned Tracey Ltd, which ultimately owned all rights to Cooke's recordings.[61] However, no evidence supporting a criminal conspiracy has been presented. Since the LAPD did not fully investigate Cooke's death at the night of the murder finding potential evidence has proven difficult.[62][63]

Much of the confusion surrounding Cooke's death stems from the fact that the LAPD conducted only a cursory investigation, giving many the impression that authorities wanted to sweep the matter under the rug.[64][65][66][10]

Cooke's close friend Muhammad Ali said: "If Cooke had been Frank Sinatra, the Beatles or Ricky Nelson, the FBI would be investigating."[67] Sam Cooke's sister Agnes Cooke-Hoskins, still discounts the LAPD and Franklin account. 'My brother was first class all the way. He would not check into a $3-a-night motel; that wasn't his style', she said while attending a recent tribute to Cooke at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum[68] I've always felt there was some sort of conspiracy there. ... I listened to the reports and I listened to the story of what happened and I can imagine Sam going after his pants. I can imagine Sam going up to the counter and saying 'Hey, somebody just took my pants.' And he's standing there, seeing the woman with his pants. I can imagine him saying 'Give me my pants.' But I can't imagine him attacking her. He wasn't that type of person to attack somebody. That wasn't his bag. He was a lover, OK. He wasn't a fighter. He wasn't a boxer. You never heard of Sam Cooke beating up his women.[69]

Ellen E Jones writes for the Guardian in 2019 saying " Cooke's courage also manifested in his approach to the music industry. He rejected the routine way that black artists were cheated out of royalties – described by one contributor as “like sharecropping” – and instead started his own publishing and recording company. The week before he died, he was planning to confront his business manager Allen Klein over some paperwork (Klein would go on to screw both the Beatles and the Stones in a similar fashion; The Dubious Dealings of Allen Klein is spin-off doc No 4). Could Cooke's willingness to stand up to powerful vested interests have been a factor in his murder? Back then, the LAPD felt Cooke's black life didn't matter enough to warrant a full investigation. This doc makes that clear, but goes no further. Which brings us to suggested spin-off No 5: Isn't it time some enterprising film-maker did a deep dive into Cooke's death? " [59]

Aftermath

[edit]
Grave of Sam Cooke in the Garden of Honor at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California

The first funeral service for Cooke was held on December 18, 1964, at A. R. Leak Funeral Home in Chicago; 200,000 fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body.[48][70]

Afterward, Cooke's body was flown back to Los Angeles for a second service, at the Mount Sinai Baptist Church on December 19,[71] which included a much-heralded performance of "The Angels Keep Watching Over Me" by Ray Charles, who stood in for a grief-stricken Bessie Griffin. Cooke was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.[48][72]

Two singles and an album were released in the month after Cooke's death. One of the singles, "Shake", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts. The B-side, "A Change Is Gonna Come", is considered a classic protest song from the era of the civil rights movement.[73] It was a Top 40 pop hit and a top 10 R&B hit. The album, also titled Shake, reached the number one spot for R&B albums.

Legacy

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Cooke's contributions to soul music contributed to the rise of Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Billy Preston, and popularized the work of Otis Redding and James Brown.[74][75][76] AllMusic biographer Bruce Eder wrote that Cooke was "the inventor of soul music", and possessed "an incredible natural singing voice and a smooth, effortless delivery that has never been surpassed."[77]

Portrayals

[edit]

Cooke was portrayed by Paul Mooney in The Buddy Holly Story, a 1978 American biographical film which tells the life story of rock musician Buddy Holly.

In the stage play One Night in Miami, first performed in 2013, Cooke was portrayed by Arinzé Kene. In the 2020 film adaptation, he is played by Leslie Odom Jr., who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal.

Posthumous honors

[edit]

Discography

[edit]
Main article: Sam Cooke discography

Notes

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ Eagle, Bob; LeBlanc, Eric S. (2013). Blues – A Regional Experience. Santa Barbara: Praeger Publishers. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-313-34423-7.
  2. ^ Cooke's death certificate gives his year of birth as 1932 while his gravestone gives his year of birth as 1930. However, the Social Security Death Master File (number 329-26-4823) indicates 1931.
  3. ^ "Report – HPLA".
  4. ^ a b "Jesus Gave Me Water". Songsofsamcooke.com. March 1, 1951. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  5. ^ a b David Ritz. "Sam Cooke". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
  6. ^ Cooke's death certificate gives 1932 as his year of birth while his gravestone gives 1930 as his year of birth. Copy of death certificate available midway through scrolling down. However, the Social Security Death Master File (number 329-26-4823) indicates 1931.
  7. ^ Janovitz, Bill. "Cupid – Sam Cooke". AllMusic. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
  8. ^ "Manager of motel shoots singing star". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. December 12, 1964. p. 10.
  9. ^ a b Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits: The Inside Story Behind Every Number One Single on Billboard's Hot 100 from 1955 to the Present. Billboard Books. p. 30. ISBN 0-8230-7677-6.
  10. ^ a b c d "Why Mystery Still Shrouds Singer Sam Cooke's Shooting Death Nearly 60 Years Later".
  11. ^ "The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time". Rolling Stone. January 2023.
  12. ^ "The 35 Greatest R&B Artists Of All Time". Billboard. November 12, 2015.
  13. ^ a b c "What Really Happened to Sam Cooke That Night in 1964? - First Look". May 23, 2021.
  14. ^ a b c d Guralnick, Peter (2005). Dream Boogie: The Triumph of Sam Cooke. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-37794-5.
  15. ^ Note: His headstone gives his birth year as 1930.
  16. ^ "L.C. Cooke December 14, 1932 – July 21, 2017". abkco.com. July 21, 2017. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
  17. ^ "About Sam". Official Sam Cooke.
  18. ^ Guralnick 2005, pp. 9–10, 17.
  19. ^ Williams, Ken (March 6, 2006). "Dream Boogie: The Triumph of Sam Cooke". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023.
  20. ^ Guralnick 2005, p. 10.
  21. ^ Guralnick 2005, pp. 15, 22.
  22. ^ Guralnick 2005, pp. 13–14.
  23. ^ Guralnick 2005, pp. 29–31.
  24. ^ Guralnick 2005, p. 90.
  25. ^ Guralnick 2005, pp. 65–68.
  26. ^ Guralnick 2005, p. 47.
  27. ^ Eder, Bruce. "Sam Cooke AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  28. ^ Guralnick, Peter (September 22, 2005). "The Man Who Invented Soul". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009. Retrieved August 8, 2008.
  29. ^ a b "Show 17 – The Soul Reformation: More on the evolution of rhythm and blues". Pop Chronicles. Digital Library, University of North Texas. June 22, 1969. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
  30. ^ Guralnick 2005, pp. 171–180.
  31. ^ Guralnick 2005, p. 167.
  32. ^ "Sam Cooke". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
  33. ^ Dean, Maury (2003). Rock 'N' Roll Gold Rush: A Singles Un-cyclopedia. Algora Publishing. p. 176. ISBN 0-87586-207-1.
  34. ^ "Sam Cooke Finds Single Click Leads to Big Payoff On One-Nighters, Video". Variety. February 5, 1958. p. 2. Retrieved September 25, 2021 – via Archive.org.
  35. ^ a b 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  36. ^ "Sam Cooke Signs With Hugo-Luigi". Billboard. January 18, 1960. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  37. ^ "RCA Victor Signs Sam Cooke" (PDF). Cash Box. New York. January 23, 1960. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  38. ^ Guralnick 2005, p. 338.
  39. ^ Guralnick 2005, pp. 348, 361.
  40. ^ Guralnick 2005, p. 362.
  41. ^ Guralnick 2005, pp. 404–407.
  42. ^ Guralnick 2005, p. 460.
  43. ^ Guralnick 2005, pp. 390, 396.
  44. ^ Warner, Jay; Jones, Quincy (2006). On This Day in Black Music History. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 10. ISBN 0-634-09926-4.
  45. ^ Goodman, Fred (2015). Allen Klein: The Man Who Bailed Out the Beatles, Made the Stones, and Transformed Rock & Roll. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-547-89686-1.
  46. ^ "Sam Cooke – Billboard Charts". 2019 Billboard. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  47. ^ Goodman 2015, pp. 44–46.
  48. ^ a b c d e Robinson, Louie (February 1965). The Tragic Death of Sam Cooke. Ebony. pp. 92–96. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  49. ^ a b c d e f g Robinson, Louie (December 31, 1964). "Tragedy-Filled Love of Singer Sam Cooke: Death Shocks Singer's Fans". Jet. Vol. 27, no. 13. pp. 56–65.
  50. ^ Guralnick 2005, pp. 101, 105.
  51. ^ Guralnick 2005, p. 282.
  52. ^ Guralnick 2005, p. 243.
  53. ^ Guralnick 2005, p. 303.
  54. ^ Guralnick 2005, p. 102.
  55. ^ Guralnick 2005, pp. 412, 499–500.
  56. ^ Guralnick 2005, pp. 217, 229, 381, 389.
  57. ^ "The True History Behind 'One Night in Miami'".
  58. ^ Krajicek, David. "The Death of Sam Cooke". Crime Library. Archived from the original on February 10, 2015. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  59. ^ a b Jones, Ellen E. (March 2, 2019). "Too black, too strong: Who killed Sam Cooke?". The Guardian.
  60. ^ James, Etta; Ritz, David (2003). Rage To Survive: The Etta James Story. New York City: Da Capo Press. p. 151. ISBN 0-306-81262-2.
  61. ^ Goodman 2015, pp. 57–58.
  62. ^ Gordon, Ed (November 16, 2005). "'Dream Boogie': The Life and Death of Sam Cooke". NPR. ...I would say within the community there is not a single person that believes that Sam Cooke died as he is said to have died: killed by a motel owner at a cheap motel in Los Angeles called the Hacienda which he had gone to with a prostitute named Elisa Boyer. I could have filled 100 pages of the book with an appendix on all the theories about his death. Central tenet of every one of those theories is that this was a case of another proud black man brought down by the white establishment who simply didn't want to see him grow any bigger. I looked into this very carefully. I had access to the private investigators' report, which nobody had seen and which filled in a good many more details. And no evidence has ever been adduced to prove any of these theories.
  63. ^ Hildebrand, Lee (April 10, 2007). "Elvis biographer Peter Guralnick tackles another music legend: Sam Cooke". San Francisco Bay Guardian. 'In the course of the two or three hundred different interviews with different people that I did for the book, there are two or three hundred different conspiracy theories,' he said. 'While they were all extremely interesting, and while every one of them reflected a basic truth about prejudice in America in 1964 and the truth of the prejudice that has continued into the present day, none of them came accompanied by any evidence beyond that metaphorical truth.'
  64. ^ <http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-116060846.html Archived November 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  65. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20121105204309
  66. ^ "Sam Cooke's story told from 'the inside out' - the Record (Bergen County, NJ) | HighBeam Research". Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
  67. ^ Runtagh, Jordan. "Why Mystery Still Shrouds Singer Sam Cooke's Shooting Death Nearly 60 Years Later". People. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
  68. ^ "Gary James' Interview with Solomon Burke". ClassicBands.com.
  69. ^ Cooke-Hoskins, Agnes (November 16, 2005). "'Dream Boogie': The Life and Death of Sam Cooke". NPR.
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Further reading

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  • Guralnick, Peter (2005). Dream Boogie: The Triumph of Sam Cooke. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-37794-5.
  • Our Uncle Sam: The Sam Cooke Story from His Family's Perspective by Erik Greene (2005) ISBN 1-4120-6498-8
  • You Send Me: The Life and Times of Sam Cooke by Daniel Wolff, S. R. Crain, Clifton White, and G. David Tenenbaum (1995) ISBN 0-688-12403-8
  • One More River to Cross: The Redemption of Sam Cooke by B. G. Rhule (2012) ISBN 978-1-4675-2856-6
  • Burford, Mark (2012). "Sam Cooke as Pop Album Artist—A Reinvention in Three Songs". Journal of the American Musicological Society. 65 (1): 113–178. doi:10.1525/jams.2012.65.1.113. JSTOR 10.1525/jams.2012.65.1.113.
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