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Scotland national rugby union team

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This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see Scotland women's national rugby union team.

Scotland
Shirt badge/Association crest
EmblemThistle
UnionScottish Rugby Union
Head coachGregor Townsend
CaptainSione Tuipulotu
Most capsRoss Ford (110)
Top scorerChris Paterson (809)
Top try scorerDuhan van der Merwe (29)
Home stadiumMurrayfield Stadium
First colours
Second colours
World Rugby ranking
Current7 (as of 19 August 2024)
Highest5 (2018 & 2023)
Lowest12 (2015)
First international
 Scotland 1–0 England 
(Edinburgh, Scotland; 27 March 1871)
Biggest win
 Scotland 100–8 Japan 
(Perth, Scotland; 13 November 2004)
Biggest defeat
 Scotland 10–68 South Africa 
(Edinburgh, Scotland; 6 December 1997)
World Cup
Appearances10 (First in 1987)
Best resultFourth place (1991)
Websitescottishrugby.org

The Scotland national rugby union team (Scots: Scotland naitional rugby union team, Scottish Gaelic: sgioba nàiseanta rugbaidh na h-Alba) represents the Scottish Rugby Union in men's international rugby union. The team takes part in the annual Six Nations Championship, where they are the current Calcutta Cup and Doddie Weir Cup holders. They also participate in the Rugby World Cup, which takes place every four years.

The history of the team dates from 1871, when the Scottish rugby team played their first official test match, winning 1–0 against England at Raeburn Place. Scotland competed in the Five Nations from the inaugural tournament in 1883, winning it 14 times outright—including the last Five Nations in 1999—and sharing it another eight. In 2000, the competition accepted a sixth competitor, Italy, thus forming the Six Nations. Since this change, Scotland have yet to win the competition. The Rugby World Cup was introduced in 1987 and Scotland have competed in all ten competitions, the most recent being in 2023, where they failed to reach the quarter-finals. Their best finish came in 1991, where they lost to the All Blacks in the third place play-off.

Scotland have beaten all major rugby union playing nations except for New Zealand, the best result being two draws. As of 14 February 2024, Scotland are sixth in the World Rugby Rankings.[1]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of rugby union in Scotland

1871–1924

[edit]
Main article: 1871 Scotland versus England rugby union match
Scotland's first national team, 1871, for the 1st international, vs. England in Edinburgh

In December 1870 a group of Scots players issued a letter of challenge in The Scotsman and in Bell's Life in London, to play an England XX at rugby rules. This led to the first-ever rugby international match being played at Academical Cricket Club's ground at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh, on Monday 27 March 1871. In front of around 4,000 spectators, the Scots won the encounter by a try (made by Angus Buchanan) and a goal (made by William Cross) to a solitary try scored by England (a points scoring system had not then been devised so only the goal counted towards the 1–0 score). England later won the return match at the Kennington Oval, London in the following year.[2][3][4]

The Calcutta Cup was donated to the Rugby Football Union in 1878 by the members of the short-lived Calcutta Rugby Club. The members had decided to disband: the cup was crafted from melted-down silver rupees which became available when the club's funds were withdrawn from the bank. The Cup is unique in that it is competed for annually only by England and Scotland. The first Calcutta Cup match was played in 1879 and, since that time, over 100 matches have taken place.[5]

Origins of the Nations Championship

[edit]

In 1882 the Home Nations Championship, the fore-runner of the modern Six Nations Championship was founded with Scotland, England, Wales and Ireland taking part.[6] The Scots enjoyed occasional success in the early years, winning their first Triple Crown in 1891 and repeating the feat again in 1895,[6][7] and vying with Wales for dominance in the first decade of the 20th century.[6] Further Triple Crowns wins for Scotland followed in 1901, 1903 and 1907.[7] However, Scotland's triumph in 1907 would be the last for eighteen years as the First World War (1914–1918) and England's dominance afterwards would deny them glory.[6]

Home ground

[edit]

In 1897 land was purchased by the SFU at Inverleith, Edinburgh. Thus the SFU became the first of the Home Unions to own its own ground. The first visitors were Ireland, on 18 February 1899 (Scotland 3–9 Ireland). International rugby was played at Inverleith until 1925. The SFU bought some land and built the first Murrayfield Stadium which was opened on 21 March 1925.[7]

1925–1945

[edit]

In 1925 Scotland already had victories over France at Inverleith (25–4), Wales in Swansea (24–14) and Ireland in Dublin (14–8). England, the Grand Slam champions of the two previous seasons were the first visitors to Murrayfield. 70,000 spectators saw the lead change hands three times before Scotland secured a 14–11 victory which gave them their first-ever Five Nations Grand Slam.[8]

In 1926, Scotland became the first Home nation side to defeat England at Twickenham after England had won the Grand Slam five times in eight seasons.[6][9]

The outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 brought rugby union in Scotland to a halt. The SRU cancelled all arranged trial and international matches and encouraged the member clubs to carry on as best they could. Some clubs closed down, others amalgamated and carried on playing other local clubs and, sometimes, teams from the armed forces stationed in their various areas.[7]

1946–1987

[edit]

Internationals resumed in the 1946–47 season, although these were not formally recognised and no caps were awarded to participating players.[7] In January 1946, Scotland played and defeated a strong New Zealand Armed Forces team by 11–6.[10][11] Scotland resumed full international matches in February 1947, losing 22–8 to Wales at Murrayfield.[7]

The period after World War Two was not a successful one for Scotland. In 1951, the touring Springboks massacred Scotland 44–0 scoring nine tries, a then record defeat.[12] Scotland suffered 17 successive defeats between February 1951 and February 1955, scored only 54 points in these 17 games: 11 tries, six conversions, and four penalties.[13]

The teams from 1955 to 1963 were an improvement. There were no wins over England, but three of the games were drawn. Occasional wins were recorded against Wales, Ireland and France.[14] 1964 was a good year for Scotland. New Zealand were held to a 0–0 draw, the last international match in which no points were scored.[15] The Calcutta Cup was won 15–6, the first time since 1950[16] and they shared the Five Nations title in 1964 with Wales.[17]

In 1971 the SRU appointed Bill Dickinson as their head coach, after years of avoidance, as it was their belief that rugby should remain an amateur sport. He was officially designated as an "adviser to the captain".[18] Scotland were the first of the Home Unions to run a truly nationwide club league.[citation needed] This was introduced in 1973 and still flourishes today with several of the country's original clubs still very much in evidence, such as Heriots, West of Scotland, Watsonians and the famous 'border' clubs such as Gala, Hawick, Jed-Forest, Kelso and Melrose.[citation needed] However the advent of professionalism saw Scotland's District championship abandoned and two 'Super Districts' formed, which have resulted in the top players generally being unavailable for their clubs.[citation needed] These teams play in international club competitions such as the Heineken Cup and the Pro14.[citation needed]

On 1 March 1975, around 104,000 spectators watched Scotland defeat Wales 12–10 in a Five Nations match at Murrayfield. The attendance at the time was a World Record for a Rugby Union match, and remains the record attendance at Murrayfield.[19][20] That win was part of a run of nine successive wins at Murrayfield during the 1970s for the national side, but they were unable to transfer that form outwith Scotland, only managing two away wins during the decade.[21] In 1977 Nairn McEwan succeeded Bill Dickinson as national coach.[22] However, he was only able to win one international in his three years in charge.[22] Nevertheless, rugby in Scotland was clearly developing.[23] The establishment of the national leagues in 1973–74 was beginning to bear fruit; the standard of club and district rugby was higher than ever and players were more accustomed to experiencing pressure in matches where the result really mattered.[23] Fewer players were being selected from English clubs to represent Scotland as the domestic game was producing an adequate number of players of genuine international class for the first time since the First World War.[23]

Jim Telfer became national coach in 1980,[24] inheriting a squad of genuine potential.[23] In March 1982 Scotland won away in Wales for the first time in 20 years.[25] Scotland toured Australia in July 1982 and won the first test, Scotland's first away victory against any of the big three Southern Hemisphere sides.[26][27] After this, the 1983 season was a disappointment; losing their first three Five Nations matches.[28] However, the tournament ended on a high when Scotland recorded only their second victory over England at Twickenham since 1938.[24] Scotland then went on to draw with the All Blacks 25–25 in the late autumn.[28]

Scotland recovered their form in 1984 and achieved their second Grand Slam, and their first since 1925, under the captaincy of Jim Aitken.[24] The team benefited from consistent selection – 12 players took part in all four Five Nations matches,[23] and of the 20 players used in total throughout only two played for clubs outwith Scotland.[23] Jim Telfer stood down after the Grand Slam to concentrate on his professional career as a school master. He was succeeded by his assistant, the former Hawick fly-half, Colin Telfer (not a relative).[23][29] He lasted just over a year, enduring a whitewash in the 1985 Five Nations, before resigning to concentrate on his business.[30] Derrick Grant was then appointed head coach.[30]

In January 1986, a trial match between "Blues" (players expected to feature for Scotland) and "Reds" (emerging players with a possible international future) resulted in a shock 41–10 win for the "Reds".[31] The "Reds" team included Gavin and Scott Hastings, Finlay Calder and David Sole, all of whom who would debut for Scotland in the Five Nations that year and feature prominently for side in the years that followed.[32] Scotland went on to share the 1986 Five Nations championship with France, each side winning three out of their four games.[33] The series also saw Scotland thrash England 33–6 at Murrayfield; Scotland's record win over the English, at the time one point short of Scotland's best score in any rugby union international and England's heaviest defeat in over a century.[34]

1987–2000

[edit]

Scotland went to the first World Cup, played in New Zealand and Australia in the summer of 1987. John Rutherford, the team's general and controlling influence, had injured his knee on an unauthorised tour of Bermuda. He broke down after less than a quarter of an hour of the first World Cup match against France and never played for Scotland again. Scotland had been in the lead but the match finished level. Scotland lost to New Zealand in the quarter-final. On 27 June 1988, Ian McGeechan was appointed as head coach to succeed Derrick Grant who had retired after the end of the 1988 Five Nations series.[35]

Their greatest year in the modern era was 1990,[36] when their season came down to one game, a Grand Slam decider at Murrayfield against the "auld enemy", England. Both sides had won all their Five Nations fixtures, and England were overwhelming favourites despite being the away side. Scotland under the captaincy of prop David Sole went on to win 13–7,> and with it their third Grand Slam.[37] The match against England in 1990 was also only the second time that Flower of Scotland was played at Murrayfield, having become Scotland's pre-match national anthem that year.[38]

SRU made NO money from sponsorship after their 1990 Grand Slam as their thistle was not registered. As a result, a new logo – a thistle containing a rugby ball – was designed in October 1990 by graphic designer Chic Harper (www.chicharper.com). This was launched on Thursday 22 November at Murrayfield, Edinburgh with a £1M sponsorship deal with Umbro. The new logo was first worn on the nation's shirts at Parc des Princes, Paris on Saturday 19 January 1991 with the name 'Scottish Rugby Union' below the thistle. This was soon replaced with just 'Scottish Rugby'. In recent times, the wording has been dropped altogether to leave only the thistle as the symbol of the Scottish team.

The second World Cup took place in 1991 with matches shared between the Five Nations. Scotland won their pool, though the game against Ireland was close, and then beat Western Samoa in the quarter-final. They lost to England in the semi-final held at Murrayfield to a Rob Andrew drop goal. In the third place play-off they were beaten by New Zealand.[39] Scotland went through 1994 without a single win,[40] but bounced back in 1995 to win their first three Five Nations matches.[41] This run of wins included a 23–21 win away against France, courtesy of a last minute try and conversion by Gavin Hastings.[40] This was Scotland's first win in Paris since 1969.[40][41] The last Five Nations match was another Grand Slam decider against England; however, this time the English defeated the Scots 24–12, largely due to the kicking prowess of Rob Andrew.[41]

The third World Cup, held in South Africa, came in 1995. Pool play saw a narrow defeat by France, thanks to an injury-time try, and Scotland finished second in the pool. They were eliminated in the quarter-final against New Zealand.[42] Scotland won the last-ever Five Nations Championship in 1999 with a last minute win by Wales over England.[43] However, in the 1999 World Cup they suffered a quarter-final defeat to New Zealand.[44]

2000–2008

[edit]
11 November 2006, Scotland 44–6 Romania
Scotland line–up prior to the 2007 Calcutta Cup

Scotland endured a torrid Six Nations in 2000, losing their first four straight games.[45] but won the final game against England 19–13 under captain Andy Nicol.[46]

Australian coach Matt Williams became the first foreigner to coach Scotland in 2003.[47] However his tenure was both controversial and unsuccessful, marred by a string of poor results and fall-outs with coaches and players.[47][48][49] In 2004 Williams attempted to introduce a controversial "Fortress Scotland" policy, whereby only those currently playing in Scotland were eligible to play in the national team.[50] Meanwhile, the Scottish Rugby Union (SRU) came under new management, chief executive Phil Anderton (known as 'Firework Phil' for his pre-match entertainment spectacles) was leading the way back to financial solvency and implementing major reforms to reverse the decline of the game in Scotland, but he resigned in January 2005 after his boss David Mackay was forced to resign by the SRU's general committee.[51][52] By April 2005, Scotland had won only three out of 17 matches under Williams.[47] Following a review by the SRU and public criticism from several of his players,[49] Williams was finally sacked on 25 April 2005.[53]

Frank Hadden, the head coach of Edinburgh Gunners, was appointed interim coach for the 2005 summer internationals against the Barbarians and Romania,[54] winning both.[55] On 15 September 2005, he was appointed national coach of the Scotland team.[55] In the first match of the 2006 Six Nations campaign, against France, Scotland won 20–16,[56] and this was the first time since 1999 that they had beaten France.[57] Scotland also beat England 18–12 at home at Murrayfield to reclaim the Calcutta Cup.[58]

In the 2006 Autumn internationals Scotland won two of three fixtures. They convincingly beat Romania[59] and put up a solid first half performance against the Pacific Islanders.[60] In the final match against Australia, Scotland failed to impress, with Australia winning 44–15.[61]

In 2007, Scotland became the first Six Nations team to lose at home to Italy, 17–37.[62] This was Italy's biggest ever victory over Scotland, home or away. Later that year, the side travelled to France for the 2007 Rugby World Cup. They made their way through their group and reached the quarter finals, where they were knocked out by Argentina.[63]

Scotland opened their 2008 Six Nations campaign losing 27–6 to France at home.[64] Pressure on Frank Hadden started to intensify after Scotland lost to Wales[65] and then to Ireland.[66] They then defeated England in the Calcutta Cup with a 15–9 victory[67] before succumbing to Italy, avoiding the wooden spoon only on scoring difference.[68] They then toured Argentina in the summer to play two tests against Argentina. They lost the first test 21–15, but won the second 26–14.[69]

2009–present

[edit]
Australia vs Scotland at Allianz Stadium, Sydney, 2017
Scotland V. South Africa, Murrayfield Stadium, 2018

In a dismal 2009 Six Nations campaign, Scotland won just one match for a second consecutive year (against Italy) and thus, on 2 April 2009 Frank Hadden resigned as head coach of the national side.[70] On 4 June 2009, ex-England, Edinburgh and Bath coach Andy Robinson was named head coach in time for the 2009 Autumn Internationals.[71] Scotland's form picked up with a 23–10 victory over Fiji[72] and a memorable 9–8 win against Australia (the first win over the Wallabies for 27 years) at Murrayfield.[73] In the 2010 Six Nations Scotland lost against France, Wales and Italy before drawing with England. Against Ireland, in the final rugby match at Croke Park, Scotland gained their only win of the tournament 23–20 with a last-minute penalty by Dan Parks, denying the Irish the Triple Crown and assuring they themselves would avoid the wooden spoon.[74] That summer, Scotland toured Argentina and recorded their first ever away series victory, beating the Pumas in both tests, 24–16 and 13–9.[75] In the Autumn Internationals of 2010, Scotland lost heavily against New Zealand before recording victories against South Africa, 21–17, and Samoa, 19–16.[76] Scotland had a poor showing in the 2011 Six Nations, winning just one match, a 21–8 victory over Italy.[77] In the 2011 Rugby World Cup, Scotland struggled to beat Romania 34–24 and Georgia 15–6,[78][79] before losing 13–12 to Argentina.[80] Needing a win going into their final match against England in Auckland, they led 12–3 with a quarter of the game to go, only to lose out to a Chris Ashton try, going down 16–12. This was the first time Scotland had been knocked out in the group stages of the Rugby World Cup.[81]

Scotland's performance was weak during the 2012 Six Nations, picking up the wooden spoon and being whitewashed, despite promising moments,[82] and falling to 12th, Scotland's lowest ever in the IRB rankings.[83] Even after this whitewash, Scotland defeated Australia 9–6 in the 2012 Scotland rugby union tour of Australia, Fiji and Samoa. This was Scotland's first win in Australia since 1982 and the first time in 30 years that Scotland defeated Australia more than once in a row.[84] Scotland also recorded away wins over both Fiji and Samoa.[85] During Scotland's 2012 Autumn Tests they suffered a series of defeats, versus the All Blacks, South Africa and most notably Tonga, which caused head coach Andy Robinson to resign.[86] Scott Johnson became interim head coach for the team in December 2012.[87] During the 2013 Six Nations, Scotland won their matches against Italy and Ireland to finish third, their best finish in the competition since 2006. On 3 May 2013, Johnson was named the first ever Director of Rugby for Scotland responsible for overseeing all rugby in the nation.[88] On 27 May 2013, it was announced that Vern Cotter would become head coach of Scotland, but the SRU had to wait until 2014 as club Clermont failed to reach an agreement with the SRU to release Cotter a year early from his contract.[89]

Scotland had a dismal 2014 Six Nations campaign; managing only one win (away in Italy), finishing second bottom and defeated 51–3 by Wales in the final match.[90] Vern Cotter finally assumed his role as head coach, and in June of the same year Scotland won three tests against the top teams of the Americas, before being hammered by South Africa 55–6.[91] The three autumn tests held at Murrayfield during November yielded wins over Argentina and Tonga, and a narrow defeat against New Zealand.[92][93] The test against Tonga took place at Rugby Park, Kilmarnock, and was the first Rugby Union international to be played on an artificial surface.[93]

The 2015 Six Nations Championship ended in a whitewash for Scotland, despite optimism amongst players and supporters beforehand.[94] However, Scotland displayed improved performances in their World Cup warm-up games over the summer, with two wins over Italy and narrow defeats away in Ireland and France.[95] Scotland played well at the 2015 Rugby World Cup in England; qualifying from their group by beating Japan, USA and Samoa, although they lost to South Africa. Scotland played Australia in the quarter-finals, and with 30 seconds remaining led 34–32.[96] However, referee Craig Joubert then awarded the Wallabies a highly controversial penalty, later judged by the game's ruling body to be incorrect, which Bernard Foley scored to give Australia victory.[97][98]

Scotland lost their first two games in the 2016 Six Nations Championship, extending their losing streak in the Six Nations to nine matches, their worst run in the championship since the 1950s.[99] The Scots finally ended their losing run with a 36–20 win over Italy in Rome; John Barclay, John Hardie and Tommy Seymour all scoring tries.[100] Scotland followed that win up with a victory over France at Murrayfield; Stuart Hogg, Duncan Taylor and Tim Visser scoring tries in a 29–18 win. It was Scotland's first victory over France since 2006, and also ended a 10 match losing streak against Les Bleus.[101] Scotland had a successful tour of Japan in June (winning both test matches),[102] and during the Autumn Internationals recorded a third consecutive win against Argentina (their seventh recognised win overall against the Pumas).[citation needed]

In the 2017 Six Nations, Scotland saw a marked improvement in performance with three home wins and two away defeats. This was Vern Cotter's last tournament as head coach of Scotland, despite them also beating Australia 24–19 on the summer tour of the Southern Hemisphere. In their first 6Ns game, Scotland went in with confidence to win their first opening match for eleven years against Ireland in a close match at Murrayfield Stadium.[103][104] This followed with a defeat in Paris to France. Scotland secured a win over Wales in their third game, Scotland's first since 2007. In the eagerly anticipated Calcutta Cup tie against England at Twickenham,[105] however, Scotland were thrashed 61–21.[106] This was a record defeat against the English, and a result which ended their hopes of winning the Six Nations.[106] In the last week, Scotland defeated Italy at Murrayfield with a 29–0 victory, securing fourth place in the tournament table.[107]

Gregor Townsend took over as head coach in June 2017. His first fixture as head coach was against Italy in Singapore where Scotland won 34–13. A week later Scotland defeated Australia 24–19 in Sydney, the second time in a row Scotland had won on Australian soil. The victory was made more notable by the list of absentees, such as Stuart Hogg and Grieg Laidlaw, who were in New Zealand on Lions' duty. The tour was concluded by a 27–22 loss to Fiji in Suva. Victory over Samoa in November 2017[108] was followed by a breathtaking performance against New Zealand at a sold-out Murrayfield. Tries from Jonny Gray and Huw Jones brought Scotland to 17–22 with barely a minute to go, but it took a superb cover tackle from the All Blacks fly-half Beauden Barrett to prevent Stuart Hogg from scoring a winning try.[109] A week later Scotland registered a record win over the Wallabies, who played with 14 men for the majority of the game after Kepu's dismissal, inflicting eight tries on the visitors in what was the Australian hooker Stephen Moore's final international game. Scotland won 53–24, their biggest ever margin of victory over Australia.[110]

In the 2019 Rugby World Cup, Scotland took an early exit with losses to both Ireland and the hosts. Scotland did however score ninety-five unanswered points across two wins against Samoa and Russia.[111]

On 6 February 2021, Scotland won their first game of that year's Six Nations tournament, defeating England 6 – 11 at Twickenham for the first time since 1983 and securing the Calcutta Cup.[112] On 13 February they lost their next match, against Wales, 25–24 at Murrayfield.[113] In 2024 the Scotland Rugby Men's Team featured in a Netflix documentary Six Nations: Full Contact.[114]

Thistle and the anthem

[edit]
The thistle, the national emblem of Scotland since the reign of Alexander III of Scotland (1249–1286) and the emblem of the Scottish rugby team

The thistle is the national flower, and also the symbol of the Scotland national rugby union team. According to legend the "guardian thistle" has played its part in the defence of Scotland against a night attack by Norwegian Vikings, one of whom let out a yell of pain when he stepped barefoot on a thistle, alerting the Scottish defenders. The Latin Nemo me impune lacessit ("No-one provokes me with impunity!" in English) is an ancient motto of the Kings of Scotland, and also of Scotland's premier chivalric order, the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, and of the Scots Guards (the latter both "belonging" to the monarch).[115]

"Flower of Scotland" has been used since 1990 as Scotland's unofficial national anthem. It was written by Roy Williamson of The Corries in 1967, and adopted by the SRU to replace "God Save the Queen". In the first year of using "Flower of Scotland" as an anthem, Scotland walked onto the pitch at the beginning of the Five Nations Championship deciding match against England. This combination was explosive and Scotland went on to beat England 13–7 and win the Five Nations Championship with a Grand Slam. Before Flower of Scotland was adopted as national anthem, "Scotland the Brave" was played for Scotland in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. Said song was usually immediately played before God Save the Queen when Scotland was playing at home (during the entrance of the teams), as result from a decision of the SRU to defuse any possibility of a "national embarrassment" (which the Scottish press feared) caused by the crowd booing the latter anthem, as the Queen was visiting Murrayfield during the 1976 Calcutta Cup.[116]

Strip

[edit]

Scotland have traditionally worn navy blue jerseys, white shorts and blue socks.[117] On the occasion that Scotland is the home side and the opposing team normally wears dark colours, Scotland will use its change strip. Traditionally this is a white jersey with navy blue shorts and socks. For a brief period, when Cotton Oxford were the shirt sponsors, the white shirt was replaced by a bright orange one with orange and blue hoops on the sleeves. This was first used against the New Zealand Māori on 14 November 1998.[118] This change strip was replaced by the traditional white one just two years later. Also during this sponsorship deal, purple was introduced to the traditional blue jersey. This was a significant departure from the traditional colours of blue and white, although purple is inspired from the thistle flower.

Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors

[edit]

SRU made NO money from sponsorship after their 1990 Grand Slam as their thistle was not registered. As a result, a new logo – a thistle containing a rugby ball – was designed in October 1990 by graphic designer Chic Harper (www.chicharper.com). This was launched on Thursday 22 November at Murrayfield, Edinburgh with a £1M sponsorship deal with Umbro. The new logo was first worn on the nation's shirts at Parc des Princes, Paris on Saturday 19 January 1991 with the name 'Scottish Rugby Union' below the thistle. This was soon replaced with just 'Scottish Rugby'. In recent times, the wording has been dropped altogether to leave only the thistle as the symbol of the Scottish team. In September 1993, a sponsorship deal was announced with The Famous Grouse, resulting in a sponsors' name being added to Scottish international players' kit for the first time in addition to the jersey manufacturers' emblem.[119] In 1997 a new deal saw the Grouse logo appear on the Scotland jersey.[120] Further deals followed and it became the longest association with a sponsor in world rugby.[121] During this time, when Scotland played test matches in France, The Famous Grouse logo was replaced by the initials "TFG" due to the Evin law that bans any alcohol advertisement (including in sports events) in France.[122] In May 2007, after seventeen years, The Famous Grouse ended its shirt sponsorship with the team.[123] The Famous Grouse did maintain a low profile link to the Scottish Rugby Union by becoming the main spirit sponsor. This deal is thought to be worth a tenth of the original cost and forbids the Scottish Rugby Union from affiliating itself from any other whisky manufacturer.

On 3 September 2007 it was announced that the then Rangers chairman Sir David Murray's company would become the new shirt sponsor, in a deal worth £2.7 million over three years.[124] In August 2011, the Royal Bank of Scotland took over as main sponsors of Scottish Rugby, after Sir David Murray's company decided to end their sponsorship. BT became the primary shirt sponsor as part of the £20 million deal signed in 2014.[125] In the summer of 2021 Peter Vardy Group replaced BT as principal partner and shirt sponsor.[126]

Period Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor
1960s–1994 Umbro No shirt sponsor
1994–1998 Pringle The Famous Grouse
1998–2000 Cotton Oxford
2000–2008 Canterbury
2008–2011 Murray
2011–2013 RBS
2013–2015 Macron
2015–2021 BT
2021–2024 Peter Vardy Group
2024- Arnold Clark Automobiles

Between the 2007 Rugby World Cup warm up games and the 2013 South African quadrangular tournament, the fonts used for their number kit on the back of their kits were Crillee Extra Bold Italic. But since Macron took over as kit supplier, the number fonts on the back of their kits were Arial rounded MT bold (or Oswald Bold, during the 2015 Rugby World Cup).

Home stadium

[edit]
Main article: Murrayfield Stadium

Scotland play at Murrayfield Stadium which is the largest sports stadium in Scotland and with a capacity of 67,144 - the fifth largest in the UK. In the early years the Scottish rugby team played at Inverleith in the north of Edinburgh. In 1923 SRU identified 19 acres of land at Murrayfield in the west of the city on which to build a purpose-built stadium, purchasing this from Edinburgh Polo Club. One stand and three embankments were constructed over the following two years with the first international match taking place in 1925 where 70,000 people watched Scotland win 14–11 against England, thereby securing both the championship and a Grand Slam.

The stadium has been developed over the years with the East Stand built in 1983, the new North and South stands in 1993 and a redeveloped West Stand completed in 1994.

Murrayfield's record attendance of 104,000 was set on 1 March 1975 when Scotland defeated Wales 12–10 during the 1975 Five Nations Championship.[127] This attendance stood as a world record until 1999 when 107,042 attended the Bledisloe Cup match between Australia and New Zealand in Stadium Australia.[128]

Record

[edit]
Men's World Rugby Rankings
Top 20 as of 11 November 2024[129]
Rank Change[i] Team Points
1 Increase1  South Africa 092.46
2 Increase1  New Zealand 091.21
3 Decrease2  Ireland 090.58
4 Steady  France 086.96
5 Increase1  Argentina 085.60
6 Increase1  Scotland 082.70
7 Decrease2  England 082.62
8 Increase1  Australia 081.14
9 Increase1  Fiji 080.07
10 Decrease2  Italy 078.67
11 Steady  Wales 075.04
12 Steady  Georgia 074.10
13 Steady  Samoa 072.68
14 Steady  Japan 072.31
15 Steady  Portugal 068.82
16 Increase3  United States 067.49
17 Increase1  Spain 067.10
18 Decrease2  Tonga 066.87
19 Decrease2  Uruguay 066.58
20 Steady  Romania 062.62
21 Steady  Chile 061.60
22 Steady  Canada 060.81
23 Steady  Hong Kong 060.40
24 Steady  Russia 058.06
25 Steady  Namibia 057.87
26 Increase4  Brazil 057.40
27 Decrease1  Netherlands 057.28
28 Decrease1  Belgium 056.51
29 Steady  Zimbabwe 056.33
30 Decrease2   Switzerland 056.04
  1. ^ Change from the previous week
Scotland's historical rankings
See or edit source data.
Source: World Rugby[129]
Graph updated to 11 November 2024

Six Nations

[edit]

Scotland competes annually in the Six Nations Championship, which is played against five other European nations: France, England, Ireland, Italy and Wales.[6] The Six Nations started out as the Home Nations Championship in 1883, with Scotland sharing the championship with England in 1886 before winning the title outright for the first time a year later.[6] Scotland have won the title outright 14 times and shared the championship a further eight times. Scotland have won three Grand Slams (including the Triple Crown) in 1925, 1984 and 1990, in addition to a further seven Triple Crowns.[6] They also contest the Calcutta Cup with England as part of the championship.[6] Scotland were the winners of the last Five Nations in 1999, before Italy joined the competition to make it the Six Nations.[6]

Trophies within the Six Nations

[edit]

The Triple Crown is awarded to the Scotland, England, Ireland or Wales national side if they can beat the other three 'Home Nation' sides in the Six Nations tournament of that year. Ireland is the current holder.

The Calcutta Cup is awarded to the winner of the Scotland – England match in the Six Nations tournament. Scotland is the current holder.

The Centenary Quaich is awarded to the winner of the Scotland – Ireland match in the Six Nations tournament. Ireland is the current holder.

The Auld Alliance Trophy is awarded to the winner of the Scotland – France match in the Six Nations tournament. France is the current holder.

The Doddie Weir Cup is awarded to the winner of the Scotland – Wales match in the Six Nations tournament. Scotland is the current holder.

The Cuttitta Cup is awarded to the winner of the Scotland – Italy match in the Six Nations tournament. Italy is the current holder.

Beating all the sides in the Six Nations is called a Grand Slam but this has no trophy.


 
England
France
Ireland
Italy
Scotland
Wales
Tournaments 128 95 130 25 130 130
Outright wins (shared wins)
Home Nations 5 (4) — 4 (3) — 9 (2) 7 (3)
Five Nations 17 (6) 12 (8) 6 (5) — 5 (6) 15 (8)
Six Nations 7 6 6 0 0 6
Overall 29 (10) 18 (8) 16 (8) 0 (0) 14 (8) 28 (11)
Grand Slams
Home Nations — — — — — 2[130]
Five Nations 11 6 1 — 3 6
Six Nations 2 4 3 0 0 4
Overall 13 10 4 0 3 12
Triple Crowns
Home Nations 5 — 2 — 7 6
Five Nations 16 — 4 — 3 11
Six Nations 5 — 7 — 0 5
Overall 26 — 13 — 10 22
Wooden Spoons
Home Nations 7 — 10 — 5 6
Five Nations 10 12 15 — 15 10
Six Nations 0 1 0 18 4 2
Overall 17 13 25 18 24 18

Individual trophies

[edit]

The Hopetoun Cup is awarded to the winner of Scotland – Australia test matches. Australia is the current holder.

The Douglas Horn Trophy is awarded to the winner of Scotland – Canada test matches. Scotland is the current holder.

Test Series Victories

[edit]
See also: Category:Scotland national rugby union team tours

 Argentina - 2010

 Japan - 2016

 Fiji - 2012, 1993

 Samoa - 2012, 2004

 Tonga - 1993

 United States - 2014

 Canada - 2014

 Zimbabwe - 1995, 1988

Scotland have previously played one or more series against these nations but have never won an overall test series against them:

 New Zealand

 South Africa

 Australia

Rugby World Cup

[edit]
Main article: Scotland at the Rugby World Cup
Rugby World Cup record Qualification
Year Round Pld W D L PF PA Squad Head coach Pos Pld W D L PF PA
New Zealand Australia 1987 Quarter-finals 4 2 1 1 138 99 Squad D. Grant Invited
England France Ireland Scotland Wales 1991 Fourth Place 6 4 0 2 162 64 Squad I. McGeechan Automatically qualified
South Africa 1995 Quarter-finals 4 2 0 2 179 75 Squad J. Telfer Automatically qualified
Wales 1999 Quarter-finals 5 3 0 2 173 108 Squad 1st 2 2 0 0 170 14
Australia 2003 Quarter-finals 5 3 0 2 118 130 Squad I. McGeechan Automatically qualified
France 2007 Quarter-finals 5 3 0 2 129 85 Squad F. Hadden Automatically qualified
New Zealand 2011 Pool Stage 4 2 0 2 73 59 Squad A. Robinson Automatically qualified
England 2015 Quarter-finals 5 3 0 2 170 128 Squad V. Cotter Automatically qualified
Japan 2019 Pool Stage 4 2 0 2 119 55 Squad G. Townsend Automatically qualified
France 2023 Pool Stage 4 2 0 2 146 71 Squad Automatically qualified
Total — 46 26 1 19 1407 874 — — — 2 2 0 0 170 14
  Champions    Runners-up    Third place    Fourth place Home venue

Scotland has competed in every Rugby World Cup since the inaugural tournament in 1987. Their best finish was fourth in 1991.[39] In their semi-final on 26 October 1991 Scotland lost 6–9 to England at Murrayfield after Gavin Hastings missed a penalty almost in front of and a short distance from the posts. On 30 October Scotland lost the third-place play-off to New Zealand in Cardiff 13–6.[39] Since then they have qualified for the quarter-finals in all but two occasions, in 2011 and 2019.[81] In 2015, they came within 30 seconds of a famous win over Australia; however, a last minute penalty sealed the win for the Wallabies.[97]

Overall

[edit]

Scotland achieved 100 points for the first time in defeating a Japan side 100–8 on 13 November 2004.[131] The previous record had been 89–0 against Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) in the first round of Rugby World Cup 1995. The game versus Japan was played at the home of St Johnstone F.C., McDiarmid Park, Perth. It was the first time that Scotland had ever played "North of the Forth" (i.e. the Firth of Forth) in the Caledonian region. In the same game Chris Paterson moved ahead of Andy Irvine in the list of Scotland's all-time points scorers.[132][133]

Below is table of the representative rugby matches played by a Scotland national XV at test level up until 12 November 2024.

Opponent Played Won Lost Drawn Win % For Aga Di
 Argentina 22 11 11 0 50% 516 403 +113
 Australia 34 12 22 0 35.29% 493 801 −308
 Canada 6 5 1 0 83.33% 226 71 +155
 Chile 1 1 0 0 100% 52 11 +41
 England 142 47 76 19 33.1% 1321 1754 −433
 Fiji 10 8 2 0 80% 343 218 +125
 France 103 40 60 3 38.83% 1356 1602 −246
 Georgia 6 6 0 0 100% 219 54 +165
 Ireland 142 66 71 5 46.48% 1522 1752 −230
 Italy 37 28 9 0 75.68% 959 622 +337
 Ivory Coast 1 1 0 0 100% 89 0 +89
 Japan 9 8 1 0 88.89% 363 132 +231
 New Zealand 32 0 30 2 0% 372 953 −581
Pacific Islanders 1 1 0 0 100% 34 22 +12
 Portugal 1 1 0 0 100% 56 10 +46
 Presidents XV 1 1 0 0 100% 27 16 +11
 Romania 14 12 2 0 85.71% 559 192 +367
 Russia 1 1 0 0 100% 61 0 +61
 Samoa 12 10 1 1 83.33% 332 193 +139
 South Africa 30 5 25 0 16.67% 339 792 −453
 Spain 1 1 0 0 100% 48 0 +48
 Tonga 6 5 1 0 83.33% 241 89 +152
 United States 7 6 1 0 85.71% 291 103 +188
 Uruguay 2 2 0 0 100% 74 31 +43
 Wales 130 52 75 3 40% 1435 1811 −376
 Zimbabwe 2 2 0 0 100% 111 33 +78
Total 753 332 388 33 44.09% 11,439 11,665 −226

Players

[edit]

Current squad

[edit]

On 23 October, Gregor Townsend named a 45-player squad ahead of their Autumn tests against Fiji, South Africa, Portugal and Georgia.[134]

On 11 November Jack Dempsey, Max Williamson and Gregor Brown dropped out of the squad injured. They were replaced by Alec Hepburn and Johnny Matthews.[135]

  • Caps updated: 10 November 2024 (after game v South Africa)

Head coach: Scotland Gregor Townsend

Player Position Date of birth (age) Caps Club/province
Ewan Ashman Hooker (2000-04-03) 3 April 2000 (age 24) 21 Scotland Edinburgh
Patrick Harrison Hooker (2002-06-20) 20 June 2002 (age 22) 2 Scotland Edinburgh
Johnny Matthews Hooker (1993-07-05) 5 July 1993 (age 31) 2 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
Dylan Richardson Hooker (1999-01-15) 15 January 1999 (age 25) 5 South Africa Sharks
Jamie Bhatti Prop (1993-09-08) 8 September 1993 (age 31) 34 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
Zander Fagerson Prop (1996-01-19) 19 January 1996 (age 28) 69 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
Alec Hepburn Prop (1993-03-30) 30 March 1993 (age 31) 4 Wales Scarlets
Will Hurd Prop (1999-06-29) 29 June 1999 (age 25) 2 England Leicester Tigers
Nathan McBeth Prop (1998-06-08) 8 June 1998 (age 26) 2 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
Elliot Millar Mills Prop (1992-07-08) 8 July 1992 (age 32) 6 England Northampton Saints
D'Arcy Rae Prop (1994-12-21) 21 December 1994 (age 29) 2 Scotland Edinburgh
Pierre Schoeman Prop (1994-05-07) 7 May 1994 (age 30) 36 Scotland Edinburgh
Rory Sutherland Prop (1992-08-24) 24 August 1992 (age 32) 35 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
Alex Craig Lock (1997-04-26) 26 April 1997 (age 27) 4 Wales Scarlets
Scott Cummings Lock (1996-12-03) 3 December 1996 (age 27) 41 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
Grant Gilchrist Lock (1990-08-09) 9 August 1990 (age 34) 73 Scotland Edinburgh
Ewan Johnson Lock (1999-06-27) 27 June 1999 (age 25) 3 France Oyonnax
Alex Samuel Lock (2002-12-27) 27 December 2002 (age 21) 0 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
Max Williamson Lock (2002-08-05) 5 August 2002 (age 22) 6 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
Josh Bayliss Back row (1997-09-18) 18 September 1997 (age 27) 8 England Bath
Gregor Brown Back row (2001-07-01) 1 July 2001 (age 23) 4 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
Luke Crosbie Back row (1997-04-22) 22 April 1997 (age 27) 11 Scotland Edinburgh
Rory Darge Back row (2000-02-23) 23 February 2000 (age 24) 24 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
Jack Dempsey Back row (1994-04-12) 12 April 1994 (age 30) 22 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
Freddy Douglas Back row (2005-05-14) 14 May 2005 (age 19) 0 Scotland Edinburgh
Matt Fagerson Back row (1998-07-16) 16 July 1998 (age 26) 49 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
Ben Muncaster Back row (2001-10-14) 14 October 2001 (age 23) 0 Scotland Edinburgh
Jamie Ritchie Back row (1996-08-16) 16 August 1996 (age 28) 53 Scotland Edinburgh
Jamie Dobie Scrum-half (2001-06-07) 7 June 2001 (age 23) 8 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
George Horne Scrum-half (1995-05-12) 12 May 1995 (age 29) 32 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
Ali Price Scrum-half (1993-05-12) 12 May 1993 (age 31) 68 Scotland Edinburgh
Ben White Scrum-half (1998-05-27) 27 May 1998 (age 26) 23 France Toulon
Adam Hastings Fly-half (1996-10-05) 5 October 1996 (age 28) 31 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
Tom Jordan Fly-half (1998-09-18) 18 September 1998 (age 26) 2 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
Finn Russell Fly-half (1992-09-23) 23 September 1992 (age 32) 81 England Bath
Matt Currie Centre (2001-02-22) 22 February 2001 (age 23) 3 Scotland Edinburgh
Rory Hutchinson Centre (1995-01-29) 29 January 1995 (age 29) 7 England Northampton Saints
Huw Jones Centre (1993-12-17) 17 December 1993 (age 30) 52 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
Stafford McDowall Centre (1998-02-24) 24 February 1998 (age 26) 7 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
Mosese Tuipulotu Centre (2001-05-05) 5 May 2001 (age 23) 0 Scotland Edinburgh
Sione Tuipulotu (c) Centre (1997-02-12) 12 February 1997 (age 27) 29 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
Darcy Graham Wing (1997-06-21) 21 June 1997 (age 27) 40 Scotland Edinburgh
Arron Reed Wing (1999-07-10) 10 July 1999 (age 25) 2 England Sale Sharks
Kyle Rowe Wing (1998-02-08) 8 February 1998 (age 26) 8 Scotland Glasgow Warriors
Duhan van der Merwe Wing (1995-06-04) 4 June 1995 (age 29) 43 Scotland Edinburgh
Blair Kinghorn Fullback (1997-01-18) 18 January 1997 (age 27) 54 France Toulouse
Harry Paterson Fullback (2001-06-28) 28 June 2001 (age 23) 3 Scotland Edinburgh

Halls of Fame

[edit]

Award winners

[edit]

World Rugby Awards

[edit]

The following Scotland players have been recognised at the World Rugby Awards since 2001:[142]

World Rugby Try of the Year
Year Date Scorer Match Tournament
2023 4 February Duhan van der Merwe vs. England Six Nations

Six Nations Player of the Championship

[edit]

The following Scotland players have been shortlisted for the Six Nations Player of the Championship since 2004:[143]

Coaches

[edit]

Before 1971, there was no appointed coach of the Scotland team, the role being assumed by the captain. In 1971, the SRU appointed the first coach as "adviser to the captain". He was Bill Dickinson, a lecturer at Jordanhill College, and his contribution to Scottish rugby in the 1970s was immense.[18] Nairn McEwan took the reins in 1977 for three years[22] before the team was led by Jim Telfer in 1980.[24] Colin Telfer took over for a year before being succeeded by Derrick Grant in the autumn of 1985.[23][30] From 1988 onwards, Scotland was coached by Jim Telfer, Richie Dixon or Ian McGeechan until 2003 when the Australian Matt Williams was appointed, becoming the first non-Scot to coach the national side.[47] Scotland have appointed a further three non-Scottish coaches to lead the national side, the others being Scott Johnson, an Australian, Andy Robinson, an Englishman, and Vern Cotter from New Zealand.

Robinson took the reins in 2009 after Frank Hadden stepped down. Robinson was no stranger to Scottish rugby as, like his predecessor Hadden, had been the head coach of Edinburgh Rugby and joint coach of Scotland A before being promoted head coach of the national side. Scott Johnson was Robinson's assistant coach when Robinson stood down in 2013, which ended in the result of Johnson being announced as interim head coach for Scotland in 2013, taking the team through the 2013 Six Nations Championship and the 2013 South African Quadrangular Tournament.[146] Vern Cotter was announced as Scottish Head coach but would not take up on the role until June 2014 as he had one year left on his contract with Clermont Auvergne. This meant that Scott Johnson would remain as Interim Coach until the end of that year's Six Nations Championship.[89]

In August 2016 it was announced that Gregor Townsend would replace Vern Cotter as Scotland head coach in June 2017 when his contract expired.[147]

Scottish Rugby coaches by year
Name Tenure Tests Won Drew Lost Win %
Scotland Bill Dickinson 1971–1977 27 14 0 13 51.85
Scotland Nairn McEwan 1977–1980 14 1 2 11 7.14
Scotland Jim Telfer 1980–1984 27 13 2 12 48.15
Scotland Colin Telfer 1984–1985 6 0 0 6 0.00
Scotland Derrick Grant 1985–1988 18 9 1 8 50.00
Scotland Ian McGeechan 1988–1993 33 19 1 13 57.58
Scotland Jim Telfer 1993–1995 18 7 1 10 38.9
Scotland Richie Dixon 1995–1998 16 5 1 10 31.3
Scotland Jim Telfer 1998–1999 20 9 0 11 45
Scotland Ian McGeechan 2000–2003 43 18 1 24 41.86
Australia Matt Williams 2003–2005 17 3 0 14 17.65
Scotland Frank Hadden 2005–2009 41 16 0 25 39.02
England Andy Robinson 2009–2012 35 15 1 19 42.86
Australia Scott Johnson (interim) 2012–2014 16 5 0 11 31.25
New Zealand Vern Cotter 2014–2017 36 19 0 17 52.78
Scotland Gregor Townsend 2017– 71 39 1 31 54.93
*Correct as of 30 August 2023
Scottish Rugby coaches totals
Name Tests Won Drew Lost Win %
Scotland Ian McGeechan 76 37 2 37 48.68
Scotland Gregor Townsend 71 39 1 31 54.93
Scotland Jim Telfer 65 29 3 33 44.62
New Zealand Vern Cotter 36 19 0 17 52.78
Scotland Frank Hadden 41 16 0 25 39.02
England Andy Robinson 35 15 1 19 42.86
Scotland Bill Dickinson 27 14 0 13 51.85
Scotland Derrick Grant 18 9 1 8 50.00
Australia Matt Williams 17 3 0 14 17.65
Scotland Richie Dixon 16 5 1 10 31.3
Australia Scott Johnson (interim) 16 5 0 11 31.25
Scotland Nairn McEwan 14 1 2 11 7.14
Scotland Colin Telfer 6 0 0 6 0.00
*Correct as of 30 August 2023

Current coaching staff

[edit]

The current Scottish coaching set up:[148][149][150]

Position Name
Head coach Scotland Gregor Townsend
Assistant coach (forwards coach) Scotland John Dalziel
Assistant coach (skills coach) Scotland Peter Horne
Scrum coach South Africa Pieter De Villiers
Defence coach Wales Steve Tandy
Attack coach New Zealand Brad Mooar
Strength and conditioning coach Scotland Stuart Yule

Player records

[edit]

Most caps

[edit]

Updated 11 November 2024[151]

# Name Years Caps Position
1 Ross Ford 2004–2017 110 Hooker
2 Chris Paterson 1999–2011 109 Full-back
3 Sean Lamont 2004–2016 105 Wing
4 Stuart Hogg 2012–2023 100 Full-back
5 Scott Murray 1997–2007 87 Lock
6 Mike Blair 2002–2012 85 Scrum-half
7 Gregor Townsend 1993–2003 82 Fly-half
8 Finn Russell 2014– 81 Fly-half
9 Richie Gray 2010– 79 Lock
10 Jonny Gray 2013– 77 Lock
Nathan Hines 2000–2011 77 Lock
Jason White 2000–2009 77 Back-row

Most points

[edit]

Updated 11 November 2024[152]

# Name Career Points Caps Position
1 Chris Paterson 1999–2011 809 109 Full-back
2 Greig Laidlaw 2010–2019 714 76 Scrum-half
3 Gavin Hastings 1986–1995 667 61 Full-back
4 Finn Russell 2014– 397 81 Fly-half
5 Andy Irvine 1972–1982 269 51 Full-back
6 Dan Parks 2004–2012 266 67 Fly-half
7 Kenny Logan 1992–2003 220 70 Wing
8 Peter Dods 1983–1991 210 23 Full-back
9 Stuart Hogg 2012–2023 171 100 Full-back
10 Craig Chalmers 1989–1999 166 60 Fly-half

Most tries

[edit]

Updated 11 November 2024[153]

# Name Career Tries Caps Position
1 Duhan van der Merwe 2020– 29 43 Wing
2 Darcy Graham 2018– 28 40 Wing
3 Stuart Hogg 2012–2023 27 100 Full-back
4 Ian Smith 1924–1933 24 32 Wing
Tony Stanger 1989–1998 24 58 Wing
6 Chris Paterson 1999–2011 22 109 Full-back
7 Tommy Seymour 2013–2019 20 55 Wing
8 Huw Jones 2016– 19 52 Centre
9 Gavin Hastings 1986–1995 17 61 Full-back
Alan Tait 1987–1999 17 27 Centre
Gregor Townsend 1993–2003 17 82 Fly-half

See also

[edit]

Men's national teams

[edit]

Senior

[edit]

Development

[edit]

Age grades

[edit]

Women's national teams

[edit]

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[edit]
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